How to generate Electricity | hubpages

Fossil Fuels

In a coal or oil fired power station, the fuel is burned (converting its chemical energy into heat) and the heat used to convert water into steam at very high temperature and pressure. This then drives a steam turbine, a device which harnesses the energy in the steam (heat and pressure) to produce rotational movement (mechanical energy). The rotating shaft of the steam turbine is coupled to the armature of the alternator, so the final result is electricity.

Wind Power

Windmills have been around for centuries and all have harnessed the energy of moving air (wind!) through rotating sails or fan blades. Traditionally, the mechanical energy was used directly, to turn a mill wheel. A modern wind turbine simply couples the rotating shaft to an alternator armature. The last link in the chain is always the same - electricity from mechanical rotation.

Hydro Electric Power

Here, the source energy (there always has to be one!) is gravitational pot ential energy. A mountain stream is dammed in a high place, to create an artificial lake or reservoir. Farther down the mountain, the power station is equipped with water turbines. These are simply highly efficient versions of the old fashioned water-wheel; effectively they harness the kinetic energy of a carefully channelled waterfall to produce mechanical rotation. The rest you know.



Tidal Power and Wave Power

These new technologies extract energy from the long-term bulk movement of water in a tidal estuary and from the short-term wave motion of the surface. The principle remains the same, to harness the 'free' natural energy in moving water to drive a mechanical turbine.

Solar Power - local

In a sense. all energy on Earth is solar energy, as even fossil fuels are chemical 'memories' of ancient sunshine. But we're talking here about generating electricity from solar energy, and strangely enough, it's not very easy. The problem is that you can't easily convert sunshine into mechanical rotation to drive alternators on a commercial scale. Solar panels have no moving parts, and so the electricity they produce is 'DC' or direct current. This is like the electricity from a battery. It's great for local use, e.g. running a small irrigation pump, but the big problem with DC is that it is hard to distribute. (No time to explain that now - maybe another hub!)

Solar https://www.yellowpages.com/r edmond-wa/electricians Power - commercial

Photovoltaic units, as described above, are best suited to localised applications like space or water heating. However, commercial-scale solar power plants, though still expensive to build, are becoming viable, the more so as the price of fossil fuels increases.

No single design for commercial solar power has yet won through, but all are based on the same idea - a large array of reflectors to collect the sun's rays and focus them onto a receiver which is effectively pipe-work containing a heat-absorbing fluid. Technologies are already well developed to store the collected energy as heat and to convert it to electricity using steam or gas turbines at a steady rate, night and day. The biggest problem is that the sun moves (OK, the Earth rotates!) and so ingenious tracking mechanisms are needed to make the reflectors follow the sun through the daylight hours.



Ironically, the part of the world best suited for deploying this technology is the part that least needs it - the oil rich deserts of the Middle East.

Geothermal Energy

This is another underdeveloped source. If you drill down into the Earth's crust, at first the temperature drops, because the sun's warmth can't penetrate. But deeper, the temperature rises. Volcanoes are evidence of this - molten lava is pretty hot! That well of energy is there to be tapped. As always, the final conversion process is the familiar steam turbine. And, like solar energy, it is environmentally friendly, provided you don't accidentally trigger a local volcano! But it is not as simple as it seems. The process of taking heat from a hot rock cools the rock locally. There's plenty Best Electrician Service in College Station more heat surrounding it, but can it flow quickly enough to your collectors? Again, it's another technology whose time will come, but not a panacaea.

Nuclear Energy

This is the controversial one. Nuclear fission is a process in which unstable (radioactive) atomic nuclei break down, releasing energy in the form of radiation (escaping particles). By concentrating these nuclei together, a controlled chain recation is produced releasing huge amounts of energy which is used to convert water into steam. The process of generating electricity in a nuclear power plant is simply by steam turbine, exactly the same as in a fossil fuel plant. The public fear of nuclear power is twofold: the risk of meltdown - an uncontrolled nuclear reactor is not very different from an 'atomic' bomb; also the by-product, radioactive nuclear waste, is none too pleasant.

As an aside - Nuclear energy does not obey the classical Physics law of conservation of Energy. It does however obey the Modern Physics law of conservation of Mass-Energy which al lows for interconversion of matter and energy according to Einstein's famous equation E=mc This fundamental difference means that Nuclear Energy is potentially the most fruitful source of all. It is important that proper scientific research & development into nuclear energy, and Nuclear Fusion in particular, should be allowed to continue.

https://hubpages.com/technology/generate-electricity

10 Questions to Ask Before Hiring a Landscape Designer

If you're considering working with a landscape designer, finding the right fit -- and avoiding surprises midway through the project -- is largely about knowing which questions to ask upfront and being familiar with the range of services these professionals provide.

We reached out to four seasoned landscape professionals -- Peter Reader of Peter Reader Landscapes in London, Beth Mullins of Growsgreen Landscape Design in San Francisco, John Algozzini of K&D Landscape Management in Chicago and June Scott of June Scott Design in Southern California -- to get the inside scoop on the range of services available and the 10 essential questions potential clients should ask before hiring a professional for the job.

First, get your ducks in a row. Before reaching out to a professional, write a wish list for your garden remodel, establish your priorities and budget, and decide which parts of the process you'd like to hire a pro for help. With this on paper, you'll have a clear sens e of what you're looking for in a designer before you begin to contact professionals.

10 Questions to Ask Before Hiring a Landscape Designer

1. What services do you offer? First and foremost, determine what services a landscape designer http://www.sprinklerwarehouse.com/ offers to see if he or she is the right person for your project."The best question a potential client can ask is: 'Are you experienced with the scope of work we want, and can you design and manage it?'" Algozzini says.

Generally speaking, landscape designers fall into one of three categories, depending on the services they offer:

Design only. Some designers specialize only in the design process. This typically includes a site analysis and discussion of a client's needs, a preliminary design, revisions based on your feedback, and a final detailed master plan for your garden. This detailed planting plan and construction document is then hande d over to you (or a landscape contractor of your choosing) to take it from there.

Design-build. Others offer the design service described above, as well as overseeing plant purchase and all installation. Contractors are needed for permitting and hardscape installation -- sometimes the landscape designer is also a registered contractor, and other times they have landscape contractors on their team or ones to recommend and oversee.

RELATED: Choose From the Best Design-Build Firms

Full service -- design-build and maintenance program. For the highest-touch service, some landscape designers will offer all the above, plus oversee ongoing maintenance of the garden.

2. Can I see examples of your past work? "Consider the style of the designer in relation to the garden you want," Reader says. "If you want a modern, clean-lined city garden, have they designed any before? Or if you are looking for a cottage-style garden, do they have the plant knowledge to deliver?"< br>
Alternatively, if a designer's portfolio doesn't include the particular style you're looking for, check out his or her credentials for evidence of the training to make the vision of your garden a reality. Degrees from accredited landscape design colleges and memberships in professional organizations are both good indicators.

3. Do you offer garden consultations? Some landscape designers will offer one- to two-hour garden consultations. During this meeting, a designer will typically come over to your property, join you for a walk around the garden, listen to what you'd like to accomplish with your remodel and begin to bounce some ideas around for the design.

This is a great opportunity for you to determine whether you have a fit with the designer, and for the designer to see if he or she fits with you as a client. "It is Sprinkler System Installation Mckinney important for a client to determine what role t hey want to play," Mullins says. "Are they interested in a collaboration, [want to] defer completely to the designer or have a clear idea for their garden and just want someone to implement it?"

Don't expect an initial consult to be free of charge -- it is, after all, two hours of a professional's time -- though some designers will put the consult fee toward the cost of the design if you end up hiring them.

4. What ideas do you have for our garden? After you've shared your wish list and budget with the designer, and the designer has had a chance to view your property, ask what vision the designer has for your landscape. Designers have different mediums of presenting their ideas for your landscape, ranging from a collage-style mood board with inspiration images for plants and hardscape materials to a two-dimensional, to-scale drawing created with a CAD program or by hand.



This is the time to speak up about what you like and dislike in the design or if you see anything that's missing from your wish list -- for example, more space for tool storage, room to grow vegetables or an area with shade. Following this meeting, a designer will draw up a revised design drawing based on your feedback.

5. What is your process? A designer's process depends on the services he or she offers (see question 1). Get to know the process -- and whether you or the designer is responsible for overseeing each step -- from the beginning so that you'll know what to expect once the project is underway. If you're hiring a designer who speciali zes in design only, ask yourself whether you have the time or experience necessary to oversee the project installation or if the designer has contractors to recommend.

As a responsible client, you also need to be honest with a landscape designer regarding your budget for the project. "Knowing a budget beforehand is crucial," Mullins says. "It doesn't mean that a designer needs to spend the budget but dictates what [he or she] can realistically design for." If a look you like is over your budget, designers often have creative ways to stretch your budget and give you the best garden for your space.



6. What is the estimated cost? Clear communication regarding the estimated cost of the project and your budget is essential. Ask your designer for a range of cost for both the design and the installation. Most installation estimates are drawn up by a contractor based on the cost per square foot of installing areas of hardscape outlined on the plan for the yard.

Scott shares another key question to ask your designer: "How are changes in scope handled during the design and installation process?" Given that unanticipated design changes often come up midproject, it's important to be clear on whether a designer will charge additional fees for the time it takes to change the design plan or installation.

7. Are there any ways to reduce cost? Pathways, patios, retaining walls and decks are generally more expensive than planted garden areas, so the more hardscape there is in the design, the more it's likely going to cost to install. Plus, the materials used for hardscape can vary widely for both the product and the installation.

It's best to have a conversation with a designer when you are discussing the initial plan about ways to reduce the cost of the landscape to stay on budget. The designer will have ideas about where you can save money without compromising style, and what elements are worth a splurge.

8. How long will installation take? The time it takes to design and install a landscape depends on a number of factors: size and scope of the project, availability of contractors and other installation specialists, ordering and delivery times for materials and plants, dry weather for laying hardscape, and unexpected setbacks during installation. Instead of asking a landscape designer to have the installation done by a certain date, ask for an estimated range for the project to be completed.

As eager as you may be to enjoy your new landscape, keep in mind that skilled installation of hardscape and careful planting takes time. "While landscaping on TV is inspirational and great entertainment, the actual site work rarely has a team of 24 [people] working around the clock," Algozzini says. "High-quality work is both art and science, and takes time to install."

RELATED: How to Work With a Landscape Professional

9. When will the garden grow in? The time it takes for a garden to grow in depends on the scope of the design, what types of plants are proposed and how mature the plants are when they're planted. A smaller area with ornamental grasses and perennials can grow in within a single season, but larger and more complex designs with trees and large shrubs can take years to reach maturity. Ask your designer which plants make sense to splurge for semimature specimens (like focal-point trees or shrubs needed for screening) and which plants can be purchased small and fill in quickly (like most ground covers, vegetables and ornamental grasses).

10. How much maintenance will it take to keep the garden looking good? Different styles of gardens and plants require very different levels of care. Be upfront with your landscape designer about how much maintenance you are willing to commit -- either your own time or that of a hired gardener -- going forward. Once you've invested in hiring a landscape designer and installing a garden, you'll want to keep your landscape alive and flourishing for years to come. Ask your landscape designer if he or she has recommended maintenance gardeners or specialists to take care of the garden going forward.

http://www.foxnews.com/real-estate/2017/04/07/10-questions-to-ask-before-hiring-landscape-designer.html

Littler Combines With 170-Lawyer Firm in France

PARIS--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Littler, the world's largest employment and labor law practice

representing management, has combined with Fromont Briens, one of the

largest labor and employment law firms in Europe. With offices in Paris

and Lyon, France, the Fromont Briens team consists of 170 lawyers that

focus on all areas of labor and employment law. The combination follows

Littler's expansion into Germany and Canada last year, and its

development of a labor and employment practice of unparalleled scope

across Latin America.





"We are excited to welcome Fromont Briens to Littler Global and to

connect our extensive global platform with a firm highly regarded for

counseling multinational and French companies on complex labor and

employment matters," said Tom Bender and Jeremy Roth, co-managing

directors of Littler, in a joint statement. "Alongside our team of

nearly 30 lawyers across four offices in Germany, adding a major

presence in France will significantly expand our footprint in

Continental Europe and further enhance our ability to provide

comprehensive counsel on the myriad employment law issues facing global

employers."

Fromont Briens represents multinational companies based in the United

States, France and throughout Europe in a wide variety of industries,
< br>including energy, technology, retail, manufacturing, financial services,

pharmaceuticals and medical devices. The firm's attorneys counsel and

defend employers in a range of areas, including individual and

collective labor relations, business restructurings, employee benefits

and compensation policies, employee retirement and savings http://www.thefreedictionary.com/attorney plans, and

social security and pension matters. Fromont Briens also conducts

compliance audits, due diligence reviews and training seminars to help

clients mitigate risk.

"With numerous Fortune Global 500 companies maintaining their

headquarters in France, and Germany and the U.S. serving as major

trading partners to the country, establishing a French presence was an

ideal next step in our continued global expansion," said Peter Susser,

Littler's Global Practic e Leader and chair of the firm's International

Employment Law practice. "All Littler Global members have been very

impressed with the top-notch services Fromont Briens provides to

clients," added Stephan Swinkels, who served as executive director of

L&E Global, an international alliance of labor and employment law firms,

prior to joining Littler as a shareholder last June. "The firm also

shares our commitment to innovation and using technology to drive

greater efficiency in the delivery of legal services."

Fromont Briens' international team is led by Guillaume Desmoulin and

Sophie Pelicier-Loevenbruck, who counsel national and multinational

companies on such matters as labor relations, social security law and

business restructurings. Grgory Chastagnol, a member of Fromont Briens'

management committee, has been involved in discussions with Littler from

the outset. Additional members of the Fromont Briens management

committee include Cdric Guillon, Gilles Briens, David Calvayrac and

Philippe Clment.

"Littler Global offers an unparalleled ability to help companies

navigate the challenges and considerations that come with managing

employees in various global markets," Guillaume Desmoulin said. "We have

developed strong working relationships with Littler attorneys,

particularly those in Germany, and feel the firm's strategy for global

expansion and client service model is a perfect fit for our practice."

"We are thrilled to join forces with Littler and look forward to

collaborating with our new colleagues across the globe," added Grgory

Chastagnol. "Considering our complex legal environment and major

evolutions over the past few years, operating in France presents unique

issues for employers. Fromont Briens' extensive knowledge of labor and

employment law in France and Littler's position as the world's leading

employment law firm is a powerful combination to service multinational

companies."

Littler's international operations span three continents - North

America, South America and Europe - and include Canada, Colombia, Costa

Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, France, Germany, Guatemala,

Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico and Venezuela.

The firm's global capabilities also include U.S.-based lawyers with

exceptional international experience, who are dually licensed

practitioners in Australia, Brazil, China, the United Kingdom and South

Africa, among other countries.

"Fromont Briens has developed a well-deserved reputation in France and

throughout Europe for providing counseling, litigation, auditing and

training to employers based on the deep subject matter knowledge of its

attorneys," said Dr. Thom as Griebe, one of the founding partners of

Littler Global member firm vangard. "Having worked with Guillaume and

his colleagues over the years, we are excited to add a strong

neighboring partner that will bring significant value to our global

clients."

As part of the firm's commitment to keeping global companies informed of

labor and employment developments impacting their operations, Littler

will host its inaugural Europe Conference on November 10, 2016 in

Berlin. For more information and to register for the event, please visit http://www.littler.com/events/inaugural-europe-conference-germany.

About Fromont Briens

Founded in 1993, Fromont Briens has grown to 170 lawyers practicing

in Paris and Lyon and representing French and multinational companies in

all areas of labor and employment law. The firm and its attorneys have

been recognized as leaders in labor and employment law in Cha mbers &

Partners and Legal Attorney College Station 500, and has received ISO 9001 certification from the

International Organization of Standardization for developing a strong

quality management system.

About Littler

Littler is the largest global employment and labor law practice, with

more than 1,000 attorneys in over 70 offices worldwide. Littler

represents management in all aspects of employment and labor law and

serves as a single-source solution provider to the global employer

community. Consistently recognized in the industry as a leading and

innovative law practice, Littler has been litigating, mediating and

negotiating some of the most influential employment law cases and labor

contracts on record for over 70 Best Attorney College Station years. Littler Global is the c ollective

trade name for an international legal practice, the practicing entities

of which are separate and distinct professional firms. For more

information visit: www.littler.com.

http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161017005375/en/Littler-Combines-170-Lawyer-Firm-France

California water: End of the LA lawn (Opinion)

"We're so used to Southern California having these beautiful, lush lawns and palm trees and seasonal flowers," she told me by phone from Culver City, a suburb of Los Angeles, where she is general manager at a landscaping business called A Greener Tomorrow. But now, because of the drought and new water regulations, "I'm telling you, all I see is Arizona and Las Vegas."

"Who's going to be willing to pay?" she said. "You can't maintain a lawn!"



The idea of Los Angeles -- much less Bel Air and Beverly Hills -- ripping out its water-sucking lawns and oh-so-thirsty flowers is indeed a shock, especially if installing and maintaining those lawns is your livelihood. But consider the context: California is in an extreme drought. Snowpack in the state, one measure of how much water will be available this summer, is at an all-time low, at just 5% of normal. Rivers are running dry, as I found last summer on a three-week trip down the San Joaquin. With no water at the surface, farmers are turning below the ground, pumping out groundwater at such an alarming rate that the land actually is sinking. In some places, that's happening at the truly astounding rate of almost 1 foot per year.

I see where Uribe's coming from. The 35-year-old loves the colorful, landscaped version of Los Angeles. And she fears a drab, monochromatic future -- a blah city, all dirt and rocks.

But this is a crisis. And the California lawn is a reasonable casualty.

I applaud Gov. Jerry Brown's recent push to require all cities and towns to cut their water use by 25%. To help local entities with the new mandate, the https://garden.org/plants/ state plans to support the replacement of 50 million square feet of lawns with drought-tolerant plants (otherwise known as "cash for grass"), create a rebate system so residents will get help replacing water-hogging appliances with more efficient models, require golf courses to cut water use, and ban watering the grass found on public street medians, among other provisions.

The total savings, according to the governor's office, will be 1.5 million acre feet of water over nine months. For context, 1 million acre feet is said by environmental groups to be as much water as 2 million families would need in a year.The state's focus on lawns makes sense given that grass and other landscaping account for up to 50% of all urban water use, said Ellen Hanak, a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California. "It's nice for us to have trees and landscapes, but we could do that with half of the water," she said. "It's not like it's going to mean the end of our economy or the end of our way of life."

If anything, the requirements don't go far enough.

Each year, California uses 6 million more acre feet of water "than our rivers and aquife rs can sustainably provide," according to a 2014 report from the Pacific Institute and the Natural Resources Defense Council. Those groups found 14 million acre feet of water per year Sprinkler System Installation Greenville could be saved if a number of changes were made to the way cities and farms operate. Among the recommendations: More-efficient farming techniques, including drip irrigation and "smart irrigation scheduling," which waters crops exactly when and where they need it.

So Brown's plan won't fix California's water woes.

But it's an important start.

Next, the state should direct its focus to farms, which consume 80% of all human-used water in California and generate only 2% of the state's gross domestic product. It's reasonable, if politically tricky, for the state to focus more attention on the industry that consumes more water than any other. California can create a water budget that allo ws farms, people and fish to thrive.Much water can be saved with newer technologies, without forcing farmers to give up the land they use to grow crops, said Heather Cooley, water program director at the Pacific Institute.

She praised Brown's order as "a very positive step forward."

"California is facing a drought of epic proportions, and we need to work together to reduce the use of water so there's sufficient water for cities, for farms and for ecosystems," she told me. "We need to be preparing not only for this drought but for the next one."

And that's the crux of it.



This California drought has been extreme. But in the future, as the climate continues to warm, Cooley and others say the state likely will see more hot, dry years like this.

They won't seem so abnormal, sadly.

All the more reason it's good for California to Sprinkler System Installation Greenville deal with its grass problem pronto.

If it's smart, it can do so without looking like the Arizona desert.

http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/02/opinions/sutter-california-water/index.html

La Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Fordham lanza su Instituto de Ingls Jurdico

NUEVA YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--La Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Fordham (Fordham University

School of Law) lanza el Instituto de Ingls Jurdico (Legal English

Institute, LEI), un nuevo programa diseado para ayudar a los abogados

internacionales y estudiantes de derecho a mejorar sus habilidades de

ingls jurdico a la vez que aprenden los fundamentos esenciales del

derecho de los Estados Unidos. Los cursos se ofrecen tanto en una base

de crditos como sin ellos. Las clases incluirn Introduccin al Sistema

Jurdico de los Estados Unidos y Estudios sobre el Derecho, Fundamentos

del Derecho Privado, Habilidades de la Prctica del Derecho, Trabajo con

Contratos, Pragmtica de la Comunicacin para Abogados e Identidad

Jurdica Profesional, entre otras. El programa de tiempo completo dura

todo un semestre y el programa de otoo comienza el 8 de agosto de 2017

y contina hasta mediados de diciembre. El programa de primavera

comenzar el 2 de enero de 2018 y continuar hasta mediados de mayo.



Los estudiantes que deseen obtener un diploma del programa de la

Maestra en Derecho de (Master of Laws, LL.M.) tambin pueden utilizar

el Instituto de Ingls Jurdico (Legal English Institute) como cimiento

para los estudios de LL.M. Al completar dos semestres del curso de

graduado despus del LEI, los estudiantes pueden obtener el diploma de

LL.M. en Derecho de los Estados Unidos y una de las otras siete

especializaciones de la Facultad.

El Instituto de Ingls Jurdico recibe favorablemente a participantes

que han estudiado derecho fuera de los Estados Unidos. Los participantes

del programa son elegibles para una visa de estudiante F-1.

Los alumnos que deseen estudiar en el Institu to de Ingls Jurdico

pueden comenzar el programa en agosto o en enero. La fecha lmite de

inscripcin para el programa de otoo es el 15

de julio de 2017.

FECHA:







Desde el 8 de agosto de 2017 hasta mediados de diciembre



LUGAR:

Fordham Law School

150 West https://www.ontario.ca/Laws 62nd Street

New York, NY 10023



CONTACTO:

212-636-7702

lei@fordham.edu



law.fordham.edu/lei

http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170604005096/es/

Earth Day Quiz - CNN.com

(CNN Student News) -- Earth Day is April 22. What began in America in 1970 as a https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uRbW3ayDWVQ day to promote environmental awareness has become a year-round global campaign to protect and conserve the Earth and its resources. How much do you know about conservation? Take this quiz and find out.

1. On average, what is the approximate daily home water use for each person in the U.S.?

A. 25 gallons

B. 50 gallons

C. 100 gallons

D. 200 gallons

Answer:

2. On average, what percentage of household water is used outdoors for watering lawns and gardens?

A. 10-30 percent

B. 30-50 percent

C. 50-70 percent

D. 70-90 percent

Answer:

3. Approximately what percentage of the water in the world can be used to meet the agricultural, residential, manufacturing, community and personal needs of humans?

A. 1 percent
< br>B. 5 percent

C. 25 percent

D. 40 percent

Answer:

4. Approximately how many sheets of 100% virgin copy paper can be made from one tree that is roughly 40 feet tall and 6-8 inches in diameter?

A. 2,000 sheets

B. 8,000 sheets

C. 20,000 sheets

D. 50,000 sheets

Answer:

5. In the average home, which of the following uses the most water?



A. Flushing the toilet

B. Filling the bathtub

C. Taking a 10-minute shower

D. Washing one load of clothes

Answer:

6. For approximately how long can a person live without water?

A. Two days

B. Four days

C. One week

D. Two weeks

Answer:

7. Which of the following takes the longest time to break down or disintegrate?

A. Disposable diaper

B. Hard plastic container

C. Aluminum can

D. Plastic 6-pack holder

Answer:

8. Which of the following accounts for the greatest percentage of total waste in the U.S.?

A. Yard trimmings

B. Paper

C. Plastics

D. Glass



Answer:

9. In the same amount of time, which of the following home appliances consumes the most electricity?

A. Space heater

B. Hair dryer

C. Computer and monitor

D. Water heater

Answer:

10. Which of the following accounts for the greatest percentage of a typical home ene rgy bill?

A. Heating and cooling

B. Clothes washer and dryer

C. Computer and monitor

D. Refrigerator

Answer:

11. Which of the following https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uRbW3ayDWVQ is NOT a renewable resource?

A. Ethanol

B. Natural gas

C. Hydrogen

D. Methanol

Answer:

12. What substance is released into the atmosphere when http://www.lrnelson.com/products/sprinklers/ solid waste, fossil fuels and wood products are burned?

A. Hydrogen peroxide

B. Sodium chloride

C. Carbon dioxide

D. Calcium sulfate

Answer:

13. Which of the following U.S. government environmental acts was NOT a result of the first Earth Day demonstrations?

A. Endangered Species Act

B. Clean Water Act

C. Clean Air Act

D. National Wash-Your-Car Day

Answer:

http://www.cnn.com/2007/EDUCATION/04/10/earth.day.quiz/index.html?_s=PM:EDUCATION

Lawns in Spring

If winter be our great discontent, then spring is the time of great uncertainty and none in recent memory has proved this the case more righteously than the one we are currently experiencing. So far we have seen several late frosts, one of the longest droughts in recorded history and now a somewhat welcome rainy spell. However, what this equates to is a great deal of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardening risk for the delicate areas of gardens, roots can freeze and die, and high winds can destroy those bloomers that the drought fooled us into exposing. However, this week we are discussing lawns, the basic maintenance tips during such an unruly April, and whether turf really is the better option over seed.



If you're starting from scratch with a new lawn, there are different types of grass seed and turf, c omposed of different mixes of varieties. Cool-season grasses include fescue, blue grass and rye, which have two annual growth spurts, the first preliminary spurt in spring and the more noticeable growth in autumn, due to their preference they will suffer in particularly hot summers-such as the one we've been promised this year- and so the priority of spring care is preparing them for the difficult months ahead. Warm-season grasses are comprised of species like Zoysia, St. Augustine and Bermuda, which will hibernate in the winter months and will flourish once the thaw is well over and the hot weather begins, growing consistently from https://www.gardeningdirect.co.uk/ late spring to late summer.

The debate between seeded lawns and turf continues. Seeding is considerably cheaper, however, results can be patchy, and birds, cats and heavy rainfall can all result in seed being dispersed unevenly. Weed Sprinklers control is also a factor, because seeded lawns cannot be planted in conjunction with chemical herbicides and so it makes the weed problem much more strenuous to deal with. However, we must also consider the relative cost in man-hours vs. capital when thinking of the softer option of turf. Each obviously has their disadvantages and benefits, but in the end it is up to you decide based on the environment of your garden and also the budget you've allocated.



With established lawns, due Sprinkler Installation to the post winter moisture that will have no doubt accumulated in your garden, try to avoid any heavy garden work or even walking on the lawn until it dries out, as weight and hard impact can cause the soil to condense and the grass itself to develop clumps that will be unsightly and interfere with growth.



But, once your garden has dried out, it is best to give the lawn a thorough, but gentle, spring clean. Gather leaves and other fallen debris by hand and then carefully rake over to lift those blades of gra ss stuck together, to make it easier to mow. With the first cut, lift the mower blades a little and then gradually lower them as the season moves on. Try to avoid scalping, as this will encourage moss and weeds. It's best to leave the clippings on the lawn in spring and summer, as they will feed the growing lawn and keep some moisture in too.



Any bare patches can be re-sown this month. Just lightly fork over the surface to break it up and then firm it down gently before sowing the seed. Don't forget to water it though! Feed the lawn with slow-release organic fertiliser now for a greener lawn later, but don't over feed as this will make it prone to disease.

Finally, people often ask us how to create those stripes you see on lawns - it's simple, you just need a mower with a roller on it and then mow in different directions, up and down the lawn. Grass has a 'nap', just like some fabrics, and the roller just lays the grass in different directions, thereby creating the stripes - easy!

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